The notion ‘International Economic Law’ encompasses a complex architecture of rules governing international economic relations and transboundary economic conduct by States, international organizations, and private actors. The term essen- tially refers to the regulation of cross-border transactions in goods, services, and capital, monetary relations and the international protection of inte…
Markets, technologies, and policies constantly evolve at different levels in various countries, and this has led us to analyse these aspects as the drivers of energy policies. All have a policy and regulatory impact on market structures, which further stimulates technological development. It is noteworthy that the causes of the energy transition may either stem from the state or from market for…
overall how societies are ‘energized’ is crucial for understanding how they work, how they are ‘powered’. this powering of societies depends upon systems of energy production, distribu- tion and consumption. these vary enormously, from muscle power, wood, wind, water and sun to coal, gas, oil, hydroelectric, geothermal and nuclear, from small-scale localized production to huge global …
The papers published in this volume commemorate Ralph Landau's many years of service to the National Academy of Engineering. Over almost two decades, Ralph Landau served the NAE as member of the council, officer of the Academy, and in a variety of capacities as a vigorous intellectual contributor to the Academy's program. Ralph Landau is an innovator who combines the characteristics of a person…
The overall aim of this book is to show how new technology (i.e. Infor- mation and Communications Technology (ICT)) is impacting on the shape and form of real estate in our towns and cities, and how it is influ- encing and is being influenced by other forces within what many commen- tators call the ‘new economy’, as part of an ‘information society’. UK private sector commercial prope…
This feature explores the operation of individual markets. Patterns of behavior in markets for specific goods and services offer lessons about the determinants and effects of supply and demand, market structure, strategic behavior, and government regulation. Suggestions for future columns and comments on past ones should be sent to James R. Hines Jr., c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, D…
International capital mobility is today a concern that breeds broader social uncertainty because of unprecedented degrees of financial social- isation. Financial markets now attract a greater volume of savings than at any previous time in their history. Existing living standards are there- fore increasingly dependent upon the market environment continuing to function in the manner prescribed by…
Chapter 1: Establish your SME. Chapter 2: Set up your production. Chapter 3: Market and sell your products. Chapter 4: Support your customers. Appendix: Various policies, procedures and checklists.
South Asia comprises the states of Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan. It is an area of enormous opportunity, staggering diversity but also pervasive poverty and instability. Home to 1.64 billion people – roughly 24 per cent of the world’s population – South Asia is an important and emerging market that has averaged an impressive rate of re…
ABSTRACT: This article provides a summary of economic issues found in Atlas Shrugged. It discusses the role of individual initiative, creativity, and productivity in economic progress as illustrated in this novel. It also shows the novel’s depiction of the benefits of trade—and the destruction of exchange relationships and production that results from government intervention in the econom…
Asignificant analytical literature began to develop in the early 1970s to address a succession of macroeconomic woes that afflicted developing countries. By the 1980s, this literature had reached a level of rigor and sophistication comparable to that characteristic of macroeconomic analysis for high- income countries. However, these developments were not typically reflected in standard textbook…
All organizations must have a clear notion of their vision before they may craft and implement any form of strategy. This notion of vision encapsulates the future expression of what an organization hopes to become through the passing of time. Vision represents the perception of the anticipated end state of organizational maturation over large periods of time ranging from years to decades. Visio…
Given the dramatic advances in the transportation and information technologies that have allowed the world economy to globalize over the last few decades, experts have begun to speculate on whether the world is now “flat” (Friedman 2007) or perhaps “spiky” (Florida 2008). Previous thinkers supposed that globalization would lead to creative workers being drawn to specific cities and regi…
If each of us could get all the food, clothing, and toys we want without working, no one would study economics. Unfortunately, most of the good things in life are scarce—we can’t all have as much as we want. Thus scarcity is the mother of economics. Microeconomics is the study of how individuals and firms make themselves as well off as possible in a world of scarcity and the consequences o…
First and foremost, this is a book about economic growth and long-run economic development. The process of economic growth and the sources of differences in economic performance across nations are some of the most interesting, important and challenging areas in modern social science. The primary purpose of this book is to introduce graduate students to these major questions and to the theo…
You are just beginning your study of economics, but let us fast-forward to the end of your first economics course. How will your study of economics affect the way you see the world? The final exam is over. You are sitting at a restaurant table, waiting for your friends to arrive. The place is busy and loud as usual. Looking around, you see small groups of people sitting and talking animated…
This book is concerned with production and related economic issues. Generally speaking, production consists of the transformation of factors of production into products. The way in which the production is carried out—the production process—is outlined in Fig. 1.1. First, the factors of production (also called input) are taken to a production plant, which is where the actual production …
HIS book is the outcome of an invitation by the Warden and Fellows of All Souls to deliver the Chichele Lectures for 1966. The lectures as delivered were four in number. But since then I have added three more in order to make the coverage more adequate. My objective is very limited. I concentrate solely on the history of the main propositions of the theory of development·as they would ap…
Since the 1990s, several developing economies have, to varying degrees, embraced “financial globalisation”, broadly defined as a set of poli- cies that involve allowing for greater openness to cross-border capital flows as well as greater market access to foreign financial institutions. Developing economies that have become increasingly dependent on and able to attract foreign private savin…
The city has emerged in recent years as an indispensable concept for many of the struggles for social justice we are all engaged in—it’s a place where theory meets practice, where the neighborhood organizes against global capitalism, where unequal divisions based on race and class can be mapped out block by block and contested, where the micropolitics of gender and sexual orientation are su…
The 2007–09 financial crisis has once again put finance back on the agenda. This book examines financial systems and – albeit indirectly – argues that the crisis is the logical outcome of neoliberal capitalism. The main objective of this study then is to demystify the process (or processes) of neoliberalization. More concretely it focuses on the European case study where historically aver…
Ask any business, large or small, to identify one of its most important assets and it is bound to identify its confidential and proprietary information or ‘trade secrets’. This is because it is in the nature of businesses to try to secure a competitive advantage over rivals and inventing the proverbial ‘better mouse- trap’ is one way to do so. Frequently, businesses that invent or crea…