Advertising and promotional expenditures have become significant in the marketing of many products. In 1966 about 16 billion dollars was spend on advertising alone. This expenditure is made because advertising has a vital communication function to play in marketing as part of the overall communication mix the firm utilizes to inform and convince customers of the desirability of its product…
Healthcare decision makers in search of the best evidence to inform clinical decisions have come to rely on systematic reviews (SRs) of comparative effectiveness research (CER) to learn what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of alternative drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. An SR is a scientific investigation that focuses on a specific question and uses e…
Clinicians can no longer stay abreast of the rapidly expand- ing knowledge bases related to health. The number of random- ized controlled trials published in MEDLINE (a medical literature database) grew from 5,000 per year in 1978–1985 to 25,000 per year in 1994–2001. Furthermore, contentions that much of the literature may be biased and not applicable to important subsets of target populat…
As attention is increasingly devoted to U.S. society’s needs for access to health care and health care delivery, one change that requires immediate attention concerns the many aspects of care that are migrating out of formal medical facilities and into the home. Although the costs of care are one driver of this change, there is also recognition that health care delivered at home is valued by …
In 2009, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a committee to examine three topics in relation to public health: measurement, the law, and funding. The committee’s complete three-part charge is provided in Box P-1. The IOM Committee on Public Health Strategies to Improve Health explored the topics in the context of contemporary opportunities and c…
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report To Err Is Human estimated that 44,000-98,000 lives are lost every year due to medical errors in hospitals and led to the widespread recognition that health care is not safe enough, catalyzing a revolution to improve the quality of care.1 Despite considerable effort, patient safety has not yet improved to the degree hoped for in the IOM report Crossing the …
The Miracle of Mindfulness was originally written in Vietnamese as a long letter to Brother Quang, a main staff member of the School of Youth for So- cial Service in South Vietnam in 1974. Its author, the Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, had founded the School in the 1960s as an outgrowth of "engaged Buddhism." It drew young people deeply commi…
There has been discussion of proposals to engage in the collection of traffic flow measurement information for monitoring and to support charging and accounting
Modern economies are energy hungry and demand continues to grow inexorably across the globe . This can create enormous opportunities for energy firms, but it also entails significant challenges . Energy organizations face a uniquely broad range of risks across their activities, including project, operational, market, regulatory, environmental, socio-political and reputational risks . Tradition…
Despite being introduced into the literature as a potentially exciting development over 20 years ago, there is still little or no agreement about what constitutes strategic management accounting (SMA). The term itself is open to a number of interpretations, something that is reflected in the varied nature of the research associated with it. In our view, however, SMA is best understood as a g…
Because every IT risk creates some degree of business risk, it is important that CAEs thoroughly understand IT change and patch management issues. IT change and patch management can be defined as the set of processes executed within the organization’s IT depart- ment designed to manage the enhancements, updates, incremental fixes, and patches to production systems, which include: • Applic…
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has been defined as the discipline by which an organization in any industry assesses, controls, exploits, finances and monitors risks from all sources for the purpose of increasing the organization’s short- and long-term value to its stakeholders. by the Casualty Actuarial Society (2003) and adopted by the Society of Actuaries (2005). Enterprise Risk Mana…
These Guidelines cover the main aspects of devising a policy on the use of derivative. It is based very closely on the „Supervisory Standard on the use Derivatives by Insurance Companies‟ as issued by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors. The implementation of the Guidelines needs to be tailored to the particular circumstances of individual companies. For example, the Cen…
w DiagramThe Financial Accountability Act 2009 (the Act) outlines a number of accountable officer and statutory body functions, one of which is the establishment and maintenance of an appropriate system of risk management (section 61). The Financial and Performance Management Standard 2009 (the Standard), section 28, prescribes that the agency’s risk management system must provide for: m…
Patients admitted to hospital are at risk of damage to kidney function, termed acute kidney injury (AKI), either from their illness or as a result of subsequent treatment. Kidney injury can lead to serious health issues and even death. It is essential that patients at risk, and those who develop kidney injury, are recognised early and treated effectively. However, the 2009 National Confidential…
Approximately 1000 people sustain a new spinal cord injury (SCI) each year in the UK. These injuries are associated with serious neurological damage, and can result in paraplegia, quadriplegia or death. Currently there are no ‘cures’ for SCI and in the UK there are 40,000 people living with long term disabilities as a result of such injuries. Care of an acutely spinally injured patient is…
Congratulations on your promotion! It’s exciting, challenging, and perhaps a bit unsettling. Even though you’ve dreamed about and worked toward it for a long time, knowing that you’ve reached a higher rung on your personal success ladder natu- rally brings a touch of anxiety.