Rethinking Urban Policy: Urban Development in an Advanced Economy

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Sustainable Underground Storage of Recoverable Water

As I write this, news articles from the last two weeks include “Shrinking Reservoirs Raise Concerns for Water storage” (Hutchinson [Kansas] News, July 2, 2007), “Solution to Our Dwindling Water Supply Lies Below: Subsurface Water Storage is an Economic Way to Address Seasonal Shortages” (Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, June 28, 2007), and “Naples' Plan for Water Storage Well Hits S…

Managing Construction AND Infrastructure

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) has a long history of ac- complishments, and through this study and other efforts is preparing to continue its successful record of providing water and hydroelectric power in the western United States. Successful accomplishment of Reclamation’s current mission in the twenty-first century—to manage, develop, and pro- tect water and related resources in…

Improving Project Management in the Department of Energy

he project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine This report has been reviewed by a group other than the author according to procedures ap- proved by a Report Review Committee consist…

Proceedings of the International Academy for Information Management(IAIM) Ann…

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

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RESEARCH TRAINING IN THE BIOMEDICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND CLINICAL RESEARCH SCIENCES

This analysis of the workforce needs in the biomedical, social and behavioral, and clinical sciences began in May 2008, when the storm clouds on the financial horizon were developing. We had our second meeting in late September 2008 in the midst of the financial meltdown. This has made the business of making projections into the future a very uncertain business indeed. The attempts to do just t…

The Competitive Edge: Research Priorities for U.S. Manufacturing

he Committee on Analysis of Research Directions and Needs in U.S. Manufacturing was charged by the National Science Foundation (NSF) with (1) identifying and ranking manufacturing-related technologies and disciplines to produce a comprehensive national manufacturing research agenda, and (2) performing in-depth analyses of some of the technologies and disciplines identified in that agenda. Concl…

Computer Industry Competitive

On May 23, 1989, the Computer Science and Technology Board sponsored a colloquium in Washington, D.C., on the competitiveness of computer-related industries. The colloquium attracted a standing-room-only group of invited executives, government officials, academic analysts, and journalists. Participants discussed the structure of computer-related industries, evolving patterns of competition in g…

Global Economic Competition

The United States in cooperation with its allies has imposed controls since 1949 on exports to the Soviet bloc of commercial goods and information that would be of significant value to Warsaw Pact military systems. Since the late 1970s, there has been significantly increased concern in the United States about Soviet success in acquiring and applying this commercial Western technology, a concern…

nternational Competition in Advanced Technology: Decisions for America

A central new policy concern—international trade and competitiveness in advanced technology—is asserting itself in the United States and in each of its closest allies and trading partners. This concern is likely to remain in the forefront of American debates for many years because of its ongoing importance in questions of national security and national economic prosperity. In the United Sta…

Science, Evolution, and Creationism

Scientific and technological advances have had profound effects on human life. In the 19th century, most families could expect to lose one or more children to disease. Today, in the United States and other developed countries, the death of a child from disease is uncommon. Every day we rely on technologies made possible through the application of scientific knowledge and processes. The com-…

Frontiers of Engineering

The practice of engineering is continually changing. Engineers must be able not only to thrive in an environment of rapid technological change and globaliza- tion but also to work on interdisciplinary teams. Today’s research is being done at the intersections of engineering disciplines, and successful researchers and practitioners must be aware of developments and challenges in areas that may…

Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Aca…

The convocation was organized in four main sessions: biological components of success in science and engineering, social components of success, institutional structures that affect recruitment and retention of women scientists and engineers, and a final session on current institutional transformation efforts. Several major themes emerged from these sessions.

Beyond Bias and Barriers

The U.S. economy relies on the productivity, entrepreneurship, and creativity of its people. To maintain its scientific and engineering leadership amid increasing economic and educational globalization, the United States must aggressively pursue the innovative capacity of all of its people—women and men. Women make up an increasing proportion of science and engineering majors at all instituti…

Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research

Interdisciplinary research (IDR) can be one of the most productive and inspiring of human pursuits—one that provides a format for conversations and connections that lead to new knowledge. As a mode of discovery and education, it has delivered much already and promises more— a sustainable environment, healthier and more prosperous lives, new dis- coveries and technologies to inspire young mi…

Biographical Memoirs V.73

firming these clues would define Abbot's mission. To confirm Clayton's findings Abbot had to account for local variations due to seasonal weather conditions, and so he set about searching for widely spaced observing sites where air transparency was constant. High mountains in desert regions spread over the accessible parts of the Earth became his target, and again, following a well-worn Smithso…

Behavioral and Social Science: 50 Years of Discovery

The pioneer spirit is still vigorous within this nation. Science offers a largely unexplored hinterland for the pioneer who has the tools. . . . [Vannevar Bush, Science, The Endless Frontier: A Report to the President, July 1945] The words of Vannevar Bush have not lost currency in the intervening four decades. But his 1945 report testifies to a further proposition: behind most scientific explo…

Observations on the President's Fiscal Year 1999 Federal Science and Technolo…

In this report, the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) provides its observations on the federal science and technology (FS&T) portion of the president’s fiscal year (FY) 1999 submission. The FS&T budget (see box) reflects the federal investment in the creation of new knowledge and technologies and excludes such activities as the testing and evaluating of new weapon…

Defining a Decade

Information Technology in the Service Society: A Twenty-First Century Lever (1993) bemoaned the problems of productivity and the absence of productivity improvements that could be traced directly to computing advances. We are still struggling with this issue. How do we even count, much less affect? Then, in 1994, Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond revisited the first rep…

Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence

The focus of this report is on artificial intelligence (AI) and human-computer interface (HCI) technology. Observations, conclusions, and recommendations regarding AI and HCI are presented in terms of six grand challenge areas which serve to identify key scientific and engineering issues and opportunities. Chapter 1 presents the panel's definitions of these and related terms. Chapter 2 presents…

Traffic Management For High-Speed Networks

Any network has bottlenecks or congestion points, i.e., locations where more data may arrive than the network can carry. A common cause for congestion is a mismatch in speed between networks. For example, a typical high-performance local area network (LAN) environment in the next several years may have the architecture shown in Figure 1. While the servers will use new high-speed asynchronous tr…

For the Record: Protecting Electronic Health Information

Information technology promises many benefits to health care. By helping to make accurate information more readily available to providers, payers, researchers, administrators, and patients, advanced computing and communications technology can help improve the quality and lower the costs of health care. At the same time, the prospect of storing health information in electronic form raises conc…

Ada and Beyond: Software Policies for the Department of Defense

Ada was developed in the 1970s by the Department of Defense (DOD) and adopted in some DOD programs until its use was required for new software development in 1987. It has been employed as a tool for developing quality software and as a DOD policy lever to encourage DOD organizations and programs to adopt modern software engineering principles. Changes within DOD, the software engineering commun…

Computing and Communications in the Extreme: Research for Crisis Management a…

Crises are extreme events. They cause significant disruption and put lives and property at risk. Some crises arise from natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, and floods. Man-made crises can be accidental, such as oil spills or the release of toxic substances, or they may be intentional, such as bombings by terrorists. Crises require an immediate response and a coordinated ap…

Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Per…

Part I of this report presents an overview of the structure, operation, and performance of major sectors of the national technology transfer systems in Ger- many and the United States and identifies opportunities for the two national systems to learn from each other. It draws substantially on the two country reports prepared by the German and U.S. delegations to the binational panel on “Tech…

Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society

For most of history, cryptography—the art and science of secret writing—has belonged to governments concerned about protecting their own secrets and about asserting their prerogatives for access to information relevant to national security and public safety. In the United States, cryp- tography policy has reflected the U.S. government’s needs for effective cryptographic protection of cla…

The Unpredictable Certainty: Information Infrastructure Through 2000

Are there any dominant trends in the evolution of a global or national information infrastructure (NII) for which there is no specification, no overall plan, and no institutional mechanism for reaching consensus about what it is or what it should be? That question motivated the NII 2000 project, which sought to characterize the technology deployment, market expectations, and proposed activities…

Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology

Currently, the federal research and development budget is typically defined as the sum of the research and development funds obligated or proposed by federal departments and agencies for programs and facilities classified as R&D. The re- search and development budget is never considered as an integrated whole during the development of the President’s budget or given an overall review by Cong…

Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Supp…

Information technology drives many of today's innovations and offers still greater potential for further innovation in the next decade. It is also the basis for a domestic industry of about $500 billion,1 an industry that is critical to our nation's international competitiveness. Our domestic information technology industry is thriving now, based to a large extent on an extraordinary 50-year tr…